why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558
He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). First English colony in Virginia established. Edward VI - Wikipedia From allies to enemies: Queen Elizabeth and King Philip - History The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Queen Elizabeth I: The Controversies and the - Ancient Origins Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. PDF Mark Scheme (Stage 8 Sign Off) November 2020 Dedicated to. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. Roman Catholics . Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The Problems Facing Elizabeth in 1558 - Coggle In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The Catholic threat - Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Save. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. The conspirators including Babington were all. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. Elizabeth's Accession and Her Legitimacy (GCSE Example Answer - Tutor2u 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. migration? This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - BBC Bitesize This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. How far do you agree with the view that Elizabeth remained single Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. West Yorkshire, Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Explain why Mary, Queen of Scots, was a threat to the reign of Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Boston Spa, The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com . The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Foreign Policy 1553 to 1558 - History Learning Site Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. LS23 6AD There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Tudor Brief Essay Plans Flashcards | Quizlet Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. The war was going badly for England. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. The threat of invasion was Elizabeth's main problem when she became By 1568 most people had accepted. Boston House, Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Why religious compromise was so difficult. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Boston House, The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. PDF GCSE History Elizabethan Age, 1558-1603 Revision guide Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule - BBC Bitesize Student / VAT reg no 816865400. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Born: 7 September 1533. Elizabeth I | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Life of Catholics in Elizabethan era | Laws against Catholics The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. The Religious Settlement of 1559 - History Learning Site By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. 14-16 / [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. 1558 -french threat. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. What Problems Did Elizabeth Face in 1558? - 844 Words | Studymode The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Boston Spa, Boston House, Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. to answer the Section Focus Question: Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device.